Ultrasonographic features of the thyroid gland in postmenopausal women
Main Article Content
Abstract
The incidence of various thyroid diseases, including nodular conditions and cancer, increases with advancing age, particularly among postmenopausal women. Ultrasound is well-established as the primary tool for the evaluation and management of thyroid disorders. This study aimed to describe the ultrasonographic features of the thyroid gland in 270 postmenopausal women at Hanoi Medical University Hospital from April to July 2024. The results indicated that the average age of participants was 58.1 years old, with 83.3% exhibiting changes in thyroid morphology on ultrasound. Thyroid nodules were the most prevalent condition, with a prevalence of 68.1% (95%CI: 62.9 - 73.9%). Furthermore, women who had been postmenopausal for 7 years or more and those with a history of four or more pregnancies demonstrated a higher prevalence of thyroid nodules compared to other groups (p = 0.982 and 0.087, respectively). These findings underscored the common occurrence of thyroid nodules in postmenopausal women, and the necessity for regular monitoring due to the associated risk of malignancy.
Article Details
Keywords
Postmenopausal women, thyroid morphology on ultrasound, thyroid nodules
References
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4. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. Feb 28 2000; 160(4): 526-34. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.526.
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7. Đào Hải Long ĐAT. Đặc điểm hình ảnh và phân loại nhân giáp trên siêu âm. Tạp chí Y học Việt Nam. 2024; 1B(536): 51-54.
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9. Wang K, Yang Y, Wu Y, et al. The association of menstrual and reproductive factors with thyroid nodules in Chinese women older than 40 years of age. Endocrine. Mar 2015; 48(2): 603-14. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0342-7
10. Mintziori G, Veneti S, Poppe K, et al. EMAS position statement: Thyroid disease and menopause. Maturitas. Jul 2024; 185:107991. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107991.
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12. Ha EJ, Na DG, Baek JH. Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Korean J Radiol. Sep 2021; 22(9): 1569-1578. doi:10.3348/kjr.2021.0106.
13. Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Martino E, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-deficient community: the Pescopagano survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Feb 1999; 84(2): 561-6. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5508.
14. Cavaliere R, Antonangeli L, Vitti P, et al. The aging thyroid in a mild to moderate iodine deficient area of Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002; 25(10 Suppl): 66-8.
15. Sakoda LC, Horn-Ross PL. Reproductive and menstrual history and papillary thyroid cancer risk: the San Francisco Bay Area thyroid cancer study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Jan 2002; 11(1): 51-7.
16. Wang M, Gong WW, He QF, et al. Menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer: a hospital-based case-control study in China. BMC Womens Health. Jan 6 2021; 21(1): 13. doi:10.1186/s12905-020-01160-w.1. Afshari F, Bahri N, Sajjadi M, et al. Menopause uncertainty: the impact of two educational interventions among women during menopausal transition and beyond. Prz Menopauzalny. Mar 2020; 19(1): 18-24. doi:10.5114/pm.2020.95305.
2. Krassas GE. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Fertil Steril. Dec 2000; 74(6): 1063-70. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01589-2.
3. Poppe K, Velkeniers B, Glinoer D. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Mar 2007; 66(3): 309-21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02752.x.
4. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. Feb 28 2000; 160(4): 526-34. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.526.
5. Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Dec 1977; 7(6): 481-93. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x
6. Gietka-Czernel M. The thyroid gland in postmenopausal women: physiology and diseases. Prz Menopauzalny. Jun 2017; 16(2): 33-37. doi:10.5114/pm.2017.68588.
7. Đào Hải Long ĐAT. Đặc điểm hình ảnh và phân loại nhân giáp trên siêu âm. Tạp chí Y học Việt Nam. 2024; 1B(536): 51-54.
8. Tran NQ, Le BH, Hoang CK, et al. Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Associated Clinical Characteristics: Findings from a Large Sample of People Undergoing Health Checkups at a University Hospital in Vietnam. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2023; 16:899-907. doi:10.2147/rmhp.S410964.
9. Wang K, Yang Y, Wu Y, et al. The association of menstrual and reproductive factors with thyroid nodules in Chinese women older than 40 years of age. Endocrine. Mar 2015; 48(2): 603-14. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0342-7
10. Mintziori G, Veneti S, Poppe K, et al. EMAS position statement: Thyroid disease and menopause. Maturitas. Jul 2024; 185:107991. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107991.
11. Haugen BR. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: What is new and what has changed? Cancer. Feb 1 2017; 123(3): 372-381. doi:10.1002/cncr.30360.
12. Ha EJ, Na DG, Baek JH. Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Korean J Radiol. Sep 2021; 22(9): 1569-1578. doi:10.3348/kjr.2021.0106.
13. Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Martino E, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-deficient community: the Pescopagano survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Feb 1999; 84(2): 561-6. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5508.
14. Cavaliere R, Antonangeli L, Vitti P, et al. The aging thyroid in a mild to moderate iodine deficient area of Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002; 25(10 Suppl): 66-8.
15. Sakoda LC, Horn-Ross PL. Reproductive and menstrual history and papillary thyroid cancer risk: the San Francisco Bay Area thyroid cancer study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Jan 2002; 11(1): 51-7.
16. Wang M, Gong WW, He QF, et al. Menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer: a hospital-based case-control study in China. BMC Womens Health. Jan 6 2021; 21(1): 13. doi:10.1186/s12905-020-01160-w.
2. Krassas GE. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Fertil Steril. Dec 2000; 74(6): 1063-70. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01589-2.
3. Poppe K, Velkeniers B, Glinoer D. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Mar 2007; 66(3): 309-21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02752.x.
4. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. Feb 28 2000; 160(4): 526-34. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.526.
5. Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Dec 1977; 7(6): 481-93. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x
6. Gietka-Czernel M. The thyroid gland in postmenopausal women: physiology and diseases. Prz Menopauzalny. Jun 2017; 16(2): 33-37. doi:10.5114/pm.2017.68588.
7. Đào Hải Long ĐAT. Đặc điểm hình ảnh và phân loại nhân giáp trên siêu âm. Tạp chí Y học Việt Nam. 2024; 1B(536): 51-54.
8. Tran NQ, Le BH, Hoang CK, et al. Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Associated Clinical Characteristics: Findings from a Large Sample of People Undergoing Health Checkups at a University Hospital in Vietnam. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2023; 16:899-907. doi:10.2147/rmhp.S410964.
9. Wang K, Yang Y, Wu Y, et al. The association of menstrual and reproductive factors with thyroid nodules in Chinese women older than 40 years of age. Endocrine. Mar 2015; 48(2): 603-14. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0342-7
10. Mintziori G, Veneti S, Poppe K, et al. EMAS position statement: Thyroid disease and menopause. Maturitas. Jul 2024; 185:107991. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107991.
11. Haugen BR. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: What is new and what has changed? Cancer. Feb 1 2017; 123(3): 372-381. doi:10.1002/cncr.30360.
12. Ha EJ, Na DG, Baek JH. Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Korean J Radiol. Sep 2021; 22(9): 1569-1578. doi:10.3348/kjr.2021.0106.
13. Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Martino E, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-deficient community: the Pescopagano survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Feb 1999; 84(2): 561-6. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5508.
14. Cavaliere R, Antonangeli L, Vitti P, et al. The aging thyroid in a mild to moderate iodine deficient area of Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002; 25(10 Suppl): 66-8.
15. Sakoda LC, Horn-Ross PL. Reproductive and menstrual history and papillary thyroid cancer risk: the San Francisco Bay Area thyroid cancer study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Jan 2002; 11(1): 51-7.
16. Wang M, Gong WW, He QF, et al. Menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer: a hospital-based case-control study in China. BMC Womens Health. Jan 6 2021; 21(1): 13. doi:10.1186/s12905-020-01160-w.1. Afshari F, Bahri N, Sajjadi M, et al. Menopause uncertainty: the impact of two educational interventions among women during menopausal transition and beyond. Prz Menopauzalny. Mar 2020; 19(1): 18-24. doi:10.5114/pm.2020.95305.
2. Krassas GE. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Fertil Steril. Dec 2000; 74(6): 1063-70. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)01589-2.
3. Poppe K, Velkeniers B, Glinoer D. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Mar 2007; 66(3): 309-21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02752.x.
4. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. Feb 28 2000; 160(4): 526-34. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.526.
5. Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). Dec 1977; 7(6): 481-93. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x
6. Gietka-Czernel M. The thyroid gland in postmenopausal women: physiology and diseases. Prz Menopauzalny. Jun 2017; 16(2): 33-37. doi:10.5114/pm.2017.68588.
7. Đào Hải Long ĐAT. Đặc điểm hình ảnh và phân loại nhân giáp trên siêu âm. Tạp chí Y học Việt Nam. 2024; 1B(536): 51-54.
8. Tran NQ, Le BH, Hoang CK, et al. Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Associated Clinical Characteristics: Findings from a Large Sample of People Undergoing Health Checkups at a University Hospital in Vietnam. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2023; 16:899-907. doi:10.2147/rmhp.S410964.
9. Wang K, Yang Y, Wu Y, et al. The association of menstrual and reproductive factors with thyroid nodules in Chinese women older than 40 years of age. Endocrine. Mar 2015; 48(2): 603-14. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0342-7
10. Mintziori G, Veneti S, Poppe K, et al. EMAS position statement: Thyroid disease and menopause. Maturitas. Jul 2024; 185:107991. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107991.
11. Haugen BR. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: What is new and what has changed? Cancer. Feb 1 2017; 123(3): 372-381. doi:10.1002/cncr.30360.
12. Ha EJ, Na DG, Baek JH. Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Korean J Radiol. Sep 2021; 22(9): 1569-1578. doi:10.3348/kjr.2021.0106.
13. Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Martino E, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-deficient community: the Pescopagano survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Feb 1999; 84(2): 561-6. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5508.
14. Cavaliere R, Antonangeli L, Vitti P, et al. The aging thyroid in a mild to moderate iodine deficient area of Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002; 25(10 Suppl): 66-8.
15. Sakoda LC, Horn-Ross PL. Reproductive and menstrual history and papillary thyroid cancer risk: the San Francisco Bay Area thyroid cancer study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Jan 2002; 11(1): 51-7.
16. Wang M, Gong WW, He QF, et al. Menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer: a hospital-based case-control study in China. BMC Womens Health. Jan 6 2021; 21(1): 13. doi:10.1186/s12905-020-01160-w.