Đặc điểm kháng thể bất thường ở phụ nữ mang thai đến khám tại Viện Huyết học - Truyền máu Trung ương

Abstract

Irregular antibodies in pregnant women can cross the placental barrier, bind to the corresponding antigens on the fetal red blood cells and cause hemolysis, leading to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Since the clinical manifestations of HDFN depend on the type and titer of maternal antibodies, the study was designed to describe the characteristics of irregular antibodies in pregnant women. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 158 pregnant women with irregular antibodies examined at the National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion from March 2024 to February2025. Among participants, 94.3% had single type of antibody while 5.7% had two. The majority of antibodies belonged to the MNS (65.9%) and Rh (27%) systems, with anti-Mia being most prevalent (42.5%). In terms of structure, IgG was the dominant class with higher titers than IgM. In terms of type, Anti-D reached the highest titer (96). Neonatal jaundice occurred in 24.1% of cases requiring phototherapy (mainly anti-Mia) and 13.9% requiring exchange transfusion (mostly anti-D). Most treated cases involved high-titer IgG antibodies (95%). Our findings highlight the importance of antenatal screening for irregular antibodies and careful monitoring of pregnant women with clinically significant IAbs, especially those with anti-D or high-titer IgG antibodies.