Depression, anxiety, stress and related factors in drug - use population in Hanoi, 2020
Main Article Content
Abstract
A cross - sectional study using the DASS - 21 toolkit were administered among 224 drug users in 3 districts of Long Bien, Nam Tu Liem and Hoan Kiem. This paper aims to describe the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress and related factor of their mental health. The results showed that the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in drug users was quite high at 31.7%, 64.3% and 22.8% respectively. The multivariate logistic regression indicates 4 factors related to depression including age group ≥ 41 years old (OR = 2.4), frequency of opiate use (OR = 2.2), high level of risk from opiate use (OR = 3.6) and a history of not using injectable drugs (OR = 4.5). Stress is related to the following factors: frequency of alcohol use (OR = 9.1), frequency of opiate use (OR = 2.9), high level of risk from opiate use (OR = 3.1) and a history of not using injectable drugs (OR = 6.5). There was no factor associated with anxiety.
Article Details
Keywords
Drug use, depress, stress, anxiety.
References
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25. Dinwiddie SH, Reich T, Cloninger CR. Psychiatric comorbidity and suicidality among intravenous drug users. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53(10):364 - 369.
2. Moreno C, Wykes T, Galderisi S, et al. How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID - 19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(9):813 - 824. doi:10.1016/S2215 - 0366(20)30307 - 2
3. Vigo D, Patten S, Pajer K, et al. Mental Health of Communities during the COVID - 19 Pandemic. Can J Psychiatry. 2020;65(10):681 - 687. doi:10.1177/0706743720926676
4. Maulik PK, Thornicroft G, Saxena S. Roadmap to strengthen global mental health systems to tackle the impact of the COVID - 19 pandemic. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14. doi:10.1186/s13033 - 020 - 00393 - 4
5. World Health Organization. Mental health. Accessed May 12, 2021. https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health - topics/mental - health
6. Le SM, Trouiller P, Duong Thi H, et al. Daily heroin injection and psychiatric disorders: A cross - sectional survey among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) in Haiphong, Vietnam. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;216:108334. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108334
7. Yang X, Kovarik C, Wang Y, Yu S. A Multi - Site Cross - Sectional Study of Anxiety Symptoms and the Associated Factors Among Chinese Drug Users Undergoing Compulsory Detoxification Treatment. Front Public Health. 2021;9. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.524068
8. McKetin R, Voce A, Burns R, Shanahan M. Health - related quality of life among people who use methamphetamine. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2019;38(5):503 - 509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12934
9. Gicquelais RE, Jannausch M, Bohnert ASB, Thomas L, Sen S, Fernandez AC. Links between suicidal intent, polysubstance use, and medical treatment after non - fatal opioid overdose. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2020;212:108041. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108041
10. Hayes - Larson E, Grau LE, Khoshnood K, Barbour R, Khuat OTH, Heimer R. Drug users in Hanoi, Vietnam: factors associated with membership in community - based drug user groups. Harm Reduct J. 2013;10:33. doi:10.1186/1477 - 7517 - 10 - 33
11. Pabayo R, Alcantara C, Kawachi I, Wood E, Kerr T. The role of depression and social support in non - fatal drug overdose among a cohort of injection drug users in a Canadian setting. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(3):603 - 609. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.007
12. Cục Phòng, chống HIV/AIDS và UNAIDS Việt Nam. Một báo cáo đánh giá về chương trình dự phòng HIV ở Việt Nam. Published online 2019.
13. Mai Hữu, Triệu Dương. Nguy cơ gia tăng tệ nạn ma túy. hanoimoi.com.vn. Accessed May 12, 2021. http://hanoimoi.com.vn/tin - tuc/Xa - hoi/974349/nguy - co - gia - tang - te - nan - ma - tuy
14. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1995;33(3):335 - 343. doi:10.1016/0005 - 7967(94)00075 - U
15. Maddux JF, Desmond DP, Costello R. Depression in Opioid Users Varies with Substance Use Status. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1987;13(4):375 - 385. doi:10.3109/00952998709001522
16. Lipsitz JD, Williams JB, Rabkin JG, et al. Psychopathology in male and female intravenous drug users with and without HIV infection. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(11):1662 - 1668. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.11.1662
17. Armstrong G, Nuken A, Samson L, Singh S, Jorm AF, Kermode M. Quality of life, depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation among men who inject drugs in Delhi, India. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:151. doi:10.1186/1471 - 244X - 13 - 151
18. Remy R, Scherer S, Guimarães G, et al. Anxiety and depression symptoms in Brazilian sexual minority ecstasy and LSD users. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2017;39(4):239 - 246. doi:10.1590/2237 - 6089 - 2016 - 0081
19. Nguyễn Thu Trang và cộng sự. Nguy cơ rối loạn tâm thần và một số yếu tố liên quan trên bệnh nhân của một số cơ sở điều trị methadone tại Hà Nội năm 2015. Published online 2015.
20. Phạm Đức Mạnh và Lê Thị Hương. Điều tra ban đầu bệnh nhân điều trị nghiện các chất dạng thuốc phiện bằng thuốc methadone tại một số tỉnh miền núi phía bắc Việt Nam năm 2014. Published online 2014.
21. Reyes JC, Robles RR, Colón HM, et al. Severe Anxiety Symptomatology and HIV Risk Behavior Among Hispanic Injection Drug Users in Puerto Rico. AIDS Behav. 2007;11(1):145 - 150. doi:10.1007/s10461 - 006 - 9090 - x
22. Jiao M, Gu J, Xu H, et al. Resilience associated with mental health problems among methadone maintenance treatment patients in Guangzhou, China. AIDS Care. 2017;29(5):660 - 665. doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1255705
23. Saing CH, Prem K, Uk P, et al. Prevalence and social determinants of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 2020;14(1):77. doi:10.1186/s13033 - 020 - 00411 - 5
24. Genberg BL, Astemborski J, Treisman G, et al. Engagement in treatment for depression among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;106:107 - 112. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.09.001
25. Dinwiddie SH, Reich T, Cloninger CR. Psychiatric comorbidity and suicidality among intravenous drug users. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53(10):364 - 369.