5. Novel biomarkers for the early detection of diabetes-induced nephropathy
Main Article Content
Abstract
The global burden of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is increasing, remaining a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Despite significant advances in kidney and DKD treatment, traditional clinical diagnostic tools for DKD are still inadequate and incomplete. While urinary microalbumin is an early sign of DKD and is used as a routine test in screening, kidney damage can still occur even in the absence of urinary microalbumin. Limitations in the diagnostic value and prognosis of urinary microalbumin indicate the need for new biomarkers that can replace and have clinical significance, allowing targeted and effective DKD treatment to reduce the burden of kidney disease. This overview focuses on biomarkers for early detection, especially with the hope of expanding the diagnostic window to identify patients at different stages of DKD progression.
Article Details
Keywords
Diabetic kidney disease, diabetes, new biomarkers
References
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28. Nowak N, Skupien J, Niewczas MA, et al. Increased plasma kidney injury molecule-1 suggests early progressive renal decline in non-proteinuric patients with type 1 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2016;89(2):459-467.
29. Hammoud MS, Baban RS, Ali SHJB, et al. Evaluation of urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (kim-1) as prognostic biomarker in children with type-1 diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Cell Arch. 2021;21(1)
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31. Cao Q, Chen XM, Huang C, et al. MicroRNA as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in diabetic kidney disease: an update. FASEB Bioadv. 2019;1(6):375.
32. Perkins BA, Rabbani N, Weston A, et al. High fractional excretion of glycation adducts is associated with subsequent early decline in renal function in type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):12709.
33. Banba N, Nakamura T, Matsumura M, et al. Possible relationship of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2000;58(2):684-690.
34. Chang AS, Hathaway CK, Smithies O, et al. Transforming growth factor-β1 and diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2016;310(8):F689-F696.
35. Li L, Tang L, Yang X, et al. Gene regulatory effect of pyruvate kinase M2 is involved in renal inflammation in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2020;128(09):599-606.
36. Colhoun HM, Marcovecchio MLJD. Biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetologia. 2018;61(5):996-1011.
37. Schrezenmeier E, Barasch J, Budde K, et al. Biomarkers in acute kidney injury-pathophysiological basis and clinical performance. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2017;219(3):556-574.
2. Rico-Fontalvo J, Aroca-Martínez G, Daza-Arnedo R, et al. Novel biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease. Biomolecules. 2023;13(4):633.
3. Kim SS, Kim JH, Kim IJJE. Current challenges in diabetic nephropathy: early diagnosis and ways to improve outcomes. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2016;31(2):245.
4. Samsu NJBri. Diabetic nephropathy: challenges in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021
5. Shoukry A, Bdeer SE-A, El-Sokkary RHJM. Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and vitamin D-binding protein as biomarkers for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biochem. 2015;408:25-35.
6. Sheira G, Noreldin N, Tamer A, et al. Urinary biomarker N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase can predict severity of renal damage in diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2015;14:1-5.
7. Takir M, Unal AD, Kostek O, et al. Cystatin-C and TGF-β levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Nefrologia. 2016;36(6):653-659.
8. Li W, Wang J, Ge L, et al. Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) as a noninvasive biomarker for early detection of diabetic nephropathy. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2017;39(4):382-387.
9. Ahmed A. kahdem, Ali A DyabAllawi, Shaymaa Z. Nada, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) in early detection of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad. 2017;59(1):74-78.
10. Motawi TK, Shehata NI, ElNokeety MM, et al. Potential serum biomarkers for early detection of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;136:150-158.
11. El-Dawla NMQ, Sallam A-AM, El-Hefnawy MH, et al. E-cadherin and periostin in early detection and progression of diabetic nephropathy: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2019;23:1050-1057.
12. Al Shawaf E, Abu-Farha M, Devarajan S, et al. ANGPTL4: A predictive marker for diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res. 2019;2019
13. Veiga G, Alves B, Perez M, et al. NGAL and SMAD1 gene expression in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy by liquid biopsy. J Clin Pathol. 2020;73(11):713-721.
14. Ye B, Zhu X, Zeng Z, et al. Clinical significance of serum homocysteine as a biomarker for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Pteridines. 2021;32(1):11-16.
15. Feng S-T, Yang Y, Yang J-F, et al. Urinary sediment CCL5 messenger RNA as a potential prognostic biomarker of diabetic nephropathy. Clin Kidney J. 2022;15(3):534-544.
16. Dejenie TA, Abebe EC, Mengstie MA, et al. Dyslipidemia and serum cystatin C levels as biomarker of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1124367.
17. Park YS, Han JH, Park JH, et al. Pyruvate Kinase M2: A New Biomarker for the Early Detection of Diabetes-Induced Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):2683.
18. Looker HC, Mauer M, Nelson RGJAickd. Role of kidney biopsies for biomarker discovery in diabetic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25(2):192-201.
19. Kanters SD, Banga J-D, Algra A, et al. Plasma levels of cellular fibronectin in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(2):323-327.
20. Xu Y, Ding Y, Li X, et al. Cystatin C is a disease-associated protein subject to multiple regulation. Immunol Cell Biol. 2015;93(5):442-451.
21. Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Skevaki C, Kosteria I, et al. NGAL and cystatin C: two possible early markers of diabetic nephropathy in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: one year follow up. Hormones (Athens). 2015;14:232-240.
22. Jeon Y, Kim MH, Lee W-I, et al. Cystatin C as an early marker of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Lab. 2013;59(11-12):1221-1229.
23. Nagai K, Arai H, Yanagita M, et al. Growth arrest-specific gene 6 is involved in glomerular hypertrophy in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(20):18229-18234.
24. Kamal A, Taher AYJJoSiM. A Comparison between Beta Trace Protein, Cystatin C and Creatinine for the Estimation of eGFR in Diabetic Nephropathy. Journal of Science in Medicine and Life. 2024;2(3):126-137.
25. Kaul A, Behera M, Rai M, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: as a predictor of early diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Nephrol. 2018;28(1):53-60.
26. Nauta FL, Boertien WE, Bakker SJ, et al. Glomerular and tubular damage markers are elevated in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):975-981.
27. Sabbisetti VS, Waikar SS, Antoine DJ, et al. Blood kidney injury molecule-1 is a biomarker of acute and chronic kidney injury and predicts progression to ESRD in type I diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(10):2177-2186.
28. Nowak N, Skupien J, Niewczas MA, et al. Increased plasma kidney injury molecule-1 suggests early progressive renal decline in non-proteinuric patients with type 1 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2016;89(2):459-467.
29. Hammoud MS, Baban RS, Ali SHJB, et al. Evaluation of urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (kim-1) as prognostic biomarker in children with type-1 diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Cell Arch. 2021;21(1)
30. Cherney D, Scholey J, Daneman D, et al. Urinary markers of renal inflammation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and normoalbuminuria. Diabet Med. 2012;29(10):1297-1302.
31. Cao Q, Chen XM, Huang C, et al. MicroRNA as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in diabetic kidney disease: an update. FASEB Bioadv. 2019;1(6):375.
32. Perkins BA, Rabbani N, Weston A, et al. High fractional excretion of glycation adducts is associated with subsequent early decline in renal function in type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):12709.
33. Banba N, Nakamura T, Matsumura M, et al. Possible relationship of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2000;58(2):684-690.
34. Chang AS, Hathaway CK, Smithies O, et al. Transforming growth factor-β1 and diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2016;310(8):F689-F696.
35. Li L, Tang L, Yang X, et al. Gene regulatory effect of pyruvate kinase M2 is involved in renal inflammation in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2020;128(09):599-606.
36. Colhoun HM, Marcovecchio MLJD. Biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetologia. 2018;61(5):996-1011.
37. Schrezenmeier E, Barasch J, Budde K, et al. Biomarkers in acute kidney injury-pathophysiological basis and clinical performance. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2017;219(3):556-574.