53. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of ethyl acetate extract of stem bark of oroxylum indicum
Main Article Content
Abstract
This investigation focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate extract derived from Oroxylum indicum stem bark. The assessment of anti-inflammatory activity was conducted by evaluating nitric oxide (NO) inhibition in RAW 264.7 macrophages that were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in an animal model of carrageenan-induced peritonitis. The O. indicum extract exhibited a notable decrease in NO production in vitro, as well as a reduction in both the volume of peritoneal exudate and the total leukocyte count in the peritoneal exudate in vivo, in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, the findings of this study confirmed the anti-inflammatory properties of the tested extract in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Therefore, the ethyl acetate extract may serve as a promising source of nutraceuticals for the formulation of health food supplements to address inflammation-related issues.
Article Details
Keywords
Oroxylum indicum, inflammatory, RAW 264.7, carrageenan, lipopolysaccharide, rat
References
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25. Pathak BK, Palandurkar KM, Singh M, Trigunayat A, Singh A, et al. Evaluation of In vivo Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Oroxyulum indicum, Baicalein, Chrysin with Phytochemical Analysis and Molecular Docking Study. Pharmacogn J. 2023; 15(5): 811-822.
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27. Liu X, Wang T, Liu X, Cai L, Qi J, et al. Biochanin A protects lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in mice by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016; 38: 324-31. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.06.009.
28. Yao Y, Chen L, Xiao J, Wang C, Jiang W, et al. Chrysin protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice through attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2014; 15(11): 20913-26. doi: 10.3390/ijms151120913.
29. Hu Z, Guan Y, Hu W, Xu Z, Ishfaq M. An overview of pharmacological activities of baicalin and its aglycone baicalein: New insights into molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022; 25(1): 14-26. doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2022.60380.13381.
30. Sajeev A, Hegde M, Girisa S, Devanarayanan TN, Alqahtani MS, et al. Oroxylin A: A Promising Flavonoid for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Biomolecules. 2022; 12(9): 1185. doi: 10.3390/biom12091185.
2. Abdulkhaleq LA, Assi MA, Abdullah R, Zamri-Saad M, Taufiq-Yap YH, Hezmee MNM. The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: A review. Vet World. 2018; 11(5): 627-635. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.627-635.
3. Stone WL, Basit H, Zubair M, et al. Pathology, Inflammation. [Updated 2024 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534820/.
4. Sinibaldi S. Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Glucocorticoids. In: Esquinas, A.M., Mina, B., Spadaro, S., Perrotta, D., De Sanctis, F. (eds) Pharmacology in Noninvasive Ventilation. Noninvasive Ventilation. The Essentials. Springer, Cham. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44626-9_28.
5. Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547742/.
6. Hao DC, Xiao PG. Pharmaceutical resource discovery from traditional medicinal plants: Pharmacophylogeny and pharmacophylogenomics. Chin Herb Med. 2020; 12(2): 104-117. doi: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.03.002.
7. Nasim N, Sandeep IS, Mohanty S. Plant-derived natural products for drug discovery: current approaches and prospects. Nucleus (Calcutta). 2022; 65(3): 399-411. doi: 10.1007/s13237-022-00405-3.
8. Dinda B, SilSarma I, Dinda M, Rudrapaul P. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, an important Asian traditional medicine: from traditional uses to scientific data for its commercial exploitation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 161:255-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.027.
9. Harminder, Singh V, Chaudhary AK. A Review on the Taxonomy, Ethnobotany, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Oroxylum indicum Vent. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011; 73(5): 483-90. doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.98981.
10. Süntar I. Importance of ethnopharmacological studies in drug discovery: role of medicinal plants. Phytochem Rev. 2020; 19: 1199-1209. doi: 10.1007/s11101-019-09629-9.
11. ISO. Biological evaluation of medical devices, Part 5: Tests for in vitro cytotoxicity. ISO 10993-5. Geneva: ISO; 2009.
12. Möller MN, Rios N, Trujillo M, Radi R, Denicola A, Alvarez B. Detection and quantification of nitric oxide-derived oxidants in biological systems. J Biol Chem. 2019; 294(40): 14776-14802. doi: 10.1074/jbc.REV119.006136.
13. Facchin BM, Dos Reis GO, Vieira GN, Mohr ETB, da Rosa JS, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers on an LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell model: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Res. 2022; 71(7-8): 741-758. doi: 10.1007/s00011-022-01584-0.
14. Csonka C, Páli T, Bencsik P, Görbe A, Ferdinandy P, Csont T. Measurement of NO in biological samples. Br J Pharmacol. 2015; 172(6): 1620-32. doi: 10.1111/bph.12832.
15. Griswold DE, Marshall PJ, Webb EF, Godfrey R, Newton J Jr, et al. SK&F 86002: a structurally novel anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid. Biochem Pharmacol. 1987; 36(20): 3463-70. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90327-3.
16. Pahwa R, Goyal A, Jialal I. Chronic Inflammation. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/.
17. Vb Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019; 25: 1822–1832. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0.
18. Tian Y, Zhou S, Takeda R, Okazaki K, Sekita M, Sakamoto K. Anti-inflammatory activities of amber extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021; 141: 111854. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111854.
19. Sharma JN, Al-Omran A, Parvathy SS. Role of nitric oxide in inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology. 2007; 15(6): 252-259. doi: 10.1007/s10787-007-0013-x.
20. Mairuae N, Cheepsunthor P, Buranrat B. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Oroxylum indicum Kurz (L.) fruit extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2021; 20(4): 833-838. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v20i4.25.
21. Mairuae N, Buranrat B, Yannasithinon S, Cheepsunthor P. Oroxylum indicum Kurz (L) leaf extract exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2024; 23(9): 1409-1415. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v23i9.2.
22. Dunkhunthod B, Talabnin C, Murphy M, Thumanu K, Sittisart P, et al. Intracellular ROS Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Oroxylum indicum Kurz (L.) Extract in LPS plus IFN-γ-Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020; 2020: 7436920. doi: 10.1155/2020/7436920.
23. Sousa-Neto BP, Cunha FVM, Nunes DB, Gomes BS, Amorim LV, et al. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of the Indole-Derived N-Salicyloyltryptamine on Peritonitis and Joint Disability Induced by Carrageenan in Rodents. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022; 2022: 5524107. doi: 10.1155/2022/5524107.
24. Lalrinzuali K, Vabeiryureilai M, Jagetia GC. Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Stem Bark of Sonapatha Oroxylum indicum In Vivo. Int J Inflam. 2016; 2016: 8247014. doi: 10.1155/2016/8247014.
25. Pathak BK, Palandurkar KM, Singh M, Trigunayat A, Singh A, et al. Evaluation of In vivo Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Oroxyulum indicum, Baicalein, Chrysin with Phytochemical Analysis and Molecular Docking Study. Pharmacogn J. 2023; 15(5): 811-822.
26. Lalrinzuali K, Vabeiryureilai M, Jagetia GC, Lalawmpuii PC. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of different extracts of Oroxylum indicum in vitro. Advances in Biomedicine and Pharmacy. 2015; 2(3): 120-130. doi: 10.19046/abp.v02i03.02.
27. Liu X, Wang T, Liu X, Cai L, Qi J, et al. Biochanin A protects lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in mice by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016; 38: 324-31. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.06.009.
28. Yao Y, Chen L, Xiao J, Wang C, Jiang W, et al. Chrysin protects against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice through attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2014; 15(11): 20913-26. doi: 10.3390/ijms151120913.
29. Hu Z, Guan Y, Hu W, Xu Z, Ishfaq M. An overview of pharmacological activities of baicalin and its aglycone baicalein: New insights into molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022; 25(1): 14-26. doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2022.60380.13381.
30. Sajeev A, Hegde M, Girisa S, Devanarayanan TN, Alqahtani MS, et al. Oroxylin A: A Promising Flavonoid for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Biomolecules. 2022; 12(9): 1185. doi: 10.3390/biom12091185.