Sensitivity and specificity of gingivitis diagnosis using smartphone-based intraoral photographs
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of gingivitis diagnosis using smartphone-based intraoral photographs among 170 adults in Thanh Xuan district, Hanoi, in 2025. Gingivitis was determined by clinical examination based on the Gingival Index (GI) and Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and was independently assessed using standardized intraoral photographs. The image-based diagnosis achieved a sensitivity of 86.6%, a specificity of 75.3%, and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 81.8%, with substantial agreement compared with clinical examination (Kappa = 0.625). Inter-rater agreement between two independent image assessors was satisfactory (Kappa = 0.74). These findings indicate that smartphone-based image diagnosis is a reliable and feasible approach for community-based gingivitis screening, particularly in settings with limited availability of oral and maxillofacial care professionals.
Article Details
Keywords
Gingivitis, image-based diagnosis, smartphone, sensitivity, specificity, community screening
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