Assessment of the antbiotic resitance of Enterococcus faecalis harbor vancomycin resistant genes in humans, animals, food and environment
Main Article Content
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus is a worldwide threat not only in hospitals, but also in communities. The occurrence of VRE may be related to the use of avopacin - a growth factor in animals. VRE can spreads to people, food, wastewater and further through intermediate vectors such as flies. 709 strains of E. faecalis had been isolated from humans, domestic animals, flies, and wastewater from livestock farms and from food in neighboring markets. By PCR, the genes related to vancomycin resistance were identified, including van A, van B, van C1, van C2, van D, van M and van N. There were 24 strains positive for van C (3.4%), of which 15 strains carry the van C1 gene, 9 strains carry the van C2 gene. All other van gene was not detected. Using MIC technique to test for vancomycin susceptibility, only 3/709 strains (accounting for 0.4%) exhibiting vancomycin-resistant phenotype with MIC = 32µg/ml (according to CLSI 2020) are derived from human feces and flies. Vancomycin resistant E. faecalis rate in the community is low, but it is still a potential threat to human health.
Article Details
Keywords
VRE (Vancomycin resistant enterococci), E. faecalis, antibiotic resistance, vancomycin
References
2. Hilde Kruse BKJ, et al. The Use of Avoparcin as a Growth Promoter and the Occurrence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Species in Norwegian Poultry and Swine Production. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2009;5(2):135-139.
3. Bager F MM, Christensen J, Aarestrup FM. Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1999;31(2):95-11.
4. Baptiste MOAaKE. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms and Perspectives of Human and Animal Health. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2018;24(5):590-606.
5. Britt NS, Potter EM, McKinnell JA, Patel N, Battersby SE, Steed ME. Secular Trends in Nosocomial Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections Among United States Veterans Affairs Hospitals, Fiscal Years 2004 through 2014. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Sep 2017;38(9):1114-1116.
6. Protonotariou E DE, Pournaras S, et al. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in Greece between 2002 and 2007. J Hosp Infect. 2007;75:225-227.
7. CLSI. M100 - Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Vol 30th Edison 2020.
8. Takahiro Nomuraa YH, Jun Kurushimaa et al. New colony multiplex PCR assays for the detection and discrimination of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal species. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2018;145:69-72.
9. A. de Jong SS, F. E. Garch et al. . Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci recovered from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens in nine EU countries (EASSA Study) to critically important antibiotics. Veterinary Microbiology. 2018;216(168-175).
10. Inger Ku¨hna AIea. Comparison of enterococcal populations in animals, humans, and the environment – a European study. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003;88:133 – 145.
11. Tiane Martin de Moura APVC. Detection of vanC1 gene transcription in vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2019;108(4).
12. Frank Eric Tatsing Foka CNA. Detection of Virulence Genes in Multidrug Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Feedlots Dairy and Beef Cattle: Implications for Human Health and Food Safety. BioMed Research International. 2019;2019.
13. C.Novais, T.N. Coque et al. Antimicrobial resistance among faecal enterococci from healthy individuals in Portugal. Clincal Microbiology Infection. 2006;12(11):1131-1134.
14. Tanih GN. Genotypic and Phenotypic characterization of enterococci from cow dung and environmental water sources in three selected dairy farms in Amathole District, . University of Fort Hare, South Africa. 2016.
15. N. Ünal ŞA, and M. Yildirim. Antibiotic resistance profile of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from broiler cloacal samples. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences. 2017;41(2):199-203.