Factors related to internalized stigma among people who inject drugs in Hanoi, Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that people who inject drugs (PWIDs) face many problems due to internalized stigma. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 509 male PWIDs in Hanoi to describe the characteristics of internalized stigma related to drugs usage and explore factors related to such characteristics. The results showed that more than 50% of PWIDs felt ashamed about their drugs use behavior. Depression and internalized stigma to drugs were positively correlated (r = 0.33, p < 0.001). Multivariable linear regression analysis indicated significant associations between the years of heroin use (β = -0.11; 95% CI = -0.21; -0.01) and depression (β = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.14; 0.24) with drug-use internalized stigma. Future interventions should pay attention to PWIDs with short-term heroin use and poor mental health condition.
Article Details
Keywords
people who inject drugs, internalized stigma.
References
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2. Nguyen VT, Scannapieco M. Drug abuse in Vietnam: a critical review of the literature and implications for future research. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2008;103(4):535-543. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02122.x.
3. National Institute of Hygeine and Epidemiology. Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey in Vietnam-Round II Results. Vietnam Ministry of Health. Published online 2011.
4. Van Nguyen H, Nguyen HLT, Mai HT, et al. Stigmatization among methadone maintenance treatment patients in mountainous areas in northern Vietnam. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14. doi:10.1186/s12954-016-0127-9.
5. Ahern J, Stuber J, Galea S. Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(2-3):188-196. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.014.
6. Burnam MA, Bing EG, Morton SC, et al. Use of mental health and substance abuse treatment services among adults with HIV in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(8):729-736.
7. Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Ali H, et al. HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage. Lancet. 2010;375(9719):1014-1028. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60232-2.
8. Simmonds L, Coomber R. Injecting drug users: a stigmatised and stigmatising population. Int J Drug Policy. 2009;20(2):121-130. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.09.002.
9. Tomori C, Go VF, Tuan LN, et al. “In their perception we are addicts”: Social vulnerabilities and sources of support for men released from drug treatment centers in Vietnam. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(5):897-904. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.04.012.
10. Calabrese SK, Burke SE, Dovidio JF, et al. Internalized HIV and Drug Stigmas: Interacting Forces Threatening Health Status and Health Service Utilization Among People with HIV Who Inject Drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(1):85-97. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1100-4.
11. Cama E, Brener L, Wilson H, von Hippel C. Internalized Stigma Among People Who Inject Drugs. Subst Use Misuse. 2016;51(12):1664-1668. doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1188951.
12. Bayat A-H, Mohammadi R, Moradi-Joo M, et al. HIV and drug related stigma and risk-taking behaviors among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Addict Dis. 2020;38(1):71-83. doi:10.1080/10550887.2020.1718264.
13. Brown SA. Standardized measures for substance use stigma. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;116(1-3):137-141. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.005
14. Latkin C, Srikrishnan AK, Yang C, et al. The relationship between drug use stigma and HIV injection risk behaviors among injection drug users in Chennai, India. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;110(3):221-227. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.004.
15. Validation of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) 21 as a screening instrument for depression and anxiety in a rural community-based cohort of northern Vietnamese women - PubMed. Accessed June 1, 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23311374/.
16. UNAIDS. Nghiên cứu về chỉ số đánh giá mức độ kỳ thị với người sống HIV ở Việt Nam năm 2014. Published online 2014.
17. Flom PL, Friedman SR, Kottiri BJ, et al. Stigmatized drug use, sexual partner concurrency, and other sex risk network and behavior characteristics of 18- to 24-year-old youth in a high-risk neighborhood. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28(10):598-607. doi:10.1097/00007435-200110000-00006.
18. Tindal C, Cook K, Foster N. Theorising stigma and the experiences of injecting drug users in Australia. Aust J Prim Health. 2010;16(2):119-125. doi:10.1071/py09026.
19. Barry CL, McGinty EE, Pescosolido B, Goldman HH. Stigma, Discrimination, Treatment Effectiveness and Policy Support: Comparing Public Views about Drug Addiction with Mental Illness. Psychiatr Serv Wash DC. 2014;65(10):1269-1272. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400140.
20. Orford J, Velleman R, Copello A, Templeton L, Ibanga A. The experiences of affected family members: A summary of two decades of qualitative research. Drugs Educ Prev Policy. 2010;17:44-62. doi:10.3109/09687637.2010.514192.
21. Li L, Lin C, Feng N, et al. Stigma Related to HIV and Drug Use: Layers, Types, and Relations to Mental Health. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(8):2347-2354. doi:10.1007/s10461-020-02794-5.